3.1 Introduction to Culture

Culture is defined as a particular group's material characteristics, behavioral patterns, beliefs, social norms, and attitudes that are shared and transmitted. A Cultural hearth is defined as a place where innovations and new ideas originate and diffuse to other places which can include Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus River Valley, etc. Culture complex combines cultural traits (attributes of culture).

Habit - a repetitive act that a particular individual performs. Culture complexes that share some cultural traits may converge to form a culture system.

Custom - a repetitive act that a particular group performs. Folk Culture is predominantly present among homogenous groups of people maintaining their traditions, and values, mostly in isolation. Changes slowly remain resistant and spread by relocation diffusion. Ex: Amish

There are two types of culture: material and nonmaterial culture. Material culture values items such as clothing, furniture, and artifacts that are physically tangible, whereas nonmaterial culture values customs, traditions, folk stories, myths, religion, oral and written languages (mentifacts) in addition to religious organizations, political and educational institutions, etc (sociofacts) that are intangible.

For instance: Folk music may tell stories about daily activities such as farming in an agrarian society and is passed down to generations. 

Folk customs tend to have anonymous sources, from unknown dates, through multiple hearths. Over centuries, unique folk customs develop diversely through isolation. Folk culture varies depending on the region and is distinct therefore landscape greatly impacts the culture.

Food preferences are significantly distinct in various folk cultures as well due to religious and socioeconomic factors impacting customs. Taboos are restrictions imposed by social customs. In terms of food preferences, Islam and Judaism prohibit the consumption of pork.

Food preferences depend on wealth, status, and advertising (Wine for instance is consumed mostly by those that can afford it).

Housing preferences in popular culture depend largely on the dominant architectural trend at a given time. Housing preferences are also influenced by folk customs and environmental factors of what is appropriate to have in certain regions based on the availability of resources. For example, building a brick house may not be feasible in a jungle.

Governments are worried about social mobility, worried about youth and women empowerment, diversity, etc as it may threaten folk cultural ideals. They may ban popular news media outlets and limit freedom of speech (soviet union) (North Korea) censorship present.

For instance, at Tiananmen Square in 1989 reformers that were anti-communist in Beijing protested causing a violent reaction by the government.

Another example is the Arab Spring in 2011 where countries in the Arab world commenced revolutions against corrupt leaders and the government shut down mass media news broadcasting to censor it however social media allowed for the spread of the revolution.

Other threats are the inability to avoid pop culture influences and the expansion of globalization.

A social custom originates at a specific location or cultural hearth that is the center of innovation, progress, etc. regarded as popular culture.

Popular culture is practiced by large, heterogeneous groups, originating from more developed regions, resulting from more leisure time, and wealth to acquire elements of pop culture, widespread diffusion through the hierarchy from specific nodes, and contagious. While folk culture varies from place to place, pop culture varies from time to time in a given place.

A prominent example of popular culture is blue jeans which is a popular trend among youth in western cultural society, spreading in popularity due to globalization, communication, transportation, and marketing networks.

As internet use increases pop culture is able to diffuse rapidly and effectively. Ex: Pop music is written by specific individuals for the purpose of being sold to a large number of people on a global scale (globalization). 

Resistance to pop culture causes could include cultural preservation, nationalist ideologies in LDCs, and greater autonomy among minorities in LDCs.  

Sustainability issues can include waste products (environmental capacity), uniform landscapes, animal endangerment (overuse of animal products), the need for recycling, etc. Ethnocentrism is a biased perspective of one's ethnic group as being superior. While cultural relativism is the objective (unbiased) view of understanding others' cultural beliefs and customs.